Words

(formal, highly addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when ordering in a friendly manner.

An ending of a word that makes the preceding statement function as an adnominal phrase and indicates an event or action having occurred in the past.

An ending of a word that makes the preceding statement function as an adnominal phrase and indicates that an event or action has been completed and its state continues.

An ending of a word that makes the preceding statement function as an adnominal phrase and refers to the present state.

An ending of a word referring to an event or action occurring in the present.

(formal, moderately addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending referring to a question about a fact of the present.

A sentence-final ending used by the speaker when questioning himself/herself or guessing.

(formal, moderately addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to gently refute a certain fact.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker says a newly learned fact with admiration.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to explain one's thought or argument, or give a reason for it.

(formal, highly addressee-lowering)(old-fashioned) A sentence-final ending used to politely ask about or criticize a fact of the present.

(formal, highly addressee-lowering)(old-fashioned) A sentence-final ending used to ask oneself something or guess about something.

(formal, highly addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to describe an event or fact of the present.

(formal, highly addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when asking oneself something.

A connective ending used when implying the purpose or intention of a certain action, or the reason or cause of a certain situation.

A connective ending used to indicate that the preceding statement is a quotation from a proverb.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to emphatically state the speaker's thoughts or argument to the listener.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to ask again about a fact that one heard and confirm it.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to say something in such a way that one confirms and realizes that a certain fact is different from one's prediction.

A sentence-final ending used to convey someone's remark, and imply that it is displeasing or annoying.

A sentence-final ending used to say something without certainty and in an indifferent attitude.

(formal, moderately addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker says something that he/she already knows in an objective manner and informs the listener of it.

A connective ending referring to doing this and doing that.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when asking again or admiring an unexpected fact in surprise.

(formal, highly addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to ask a question about a certain fact that is assumed to be already given.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker emphasizes his/her remark, while reconfirming what was said earlier.

A connective ending used when recognizing the truth of the preceding statement and adding something that is contrary or irrelevant to it.

A connective ending used when recognizing the truth of the preceding statement and adding something that is contrary or irrelevant to it.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker confirms and asks questions about a fact that he/she heard.