Words

A connective ending used when assuming a certain fact or situation.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker confirms and asks questions about a fact that he/she heard.

(formal, moderately addressee-raising) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker says something that he/she already knows in an objective manner and conveys it to the listener.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker confirms and asks questions about a fact that he/she already knows.

(formal, highly addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker talks about a fact that he/she already knows in an objective manner and conveys it to the listener.

(formal, highly addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when asking oneself or complaining about a certain fact.

(formal, highly addressee-raising) A sentence-final ending used when asking questions about the affirmation or negation of a certain fact, supposing that it is already given.

(formal, highly addressee-raising) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker says something that he/she already knows in an objective manner and informs the listener of it.

A connective ending used when the speaker is displeased about the subject claiming that the preceding statement is the reason for the following action.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when strongly denying the fact of the preceding statement, or raising a question about it.

(informal addressee-raising) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker talks about something that he/she knows.

A connective ending used to talk in advance about a situation to follow.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to admire something while anticipating the listener's response.

A sentence-final ending used to ask the listener while anticipating his/her answer.

A connective ending used when a result is different from what was anticipated, even if that situation was a presumable outcome.

A connective ending used to present in a prefatory manner a certain situation related to the following statement as a background or reason.

A connective ending used to present a certain situation related to the fact as a background or reason in order to make a following statement.

A connective ending used to indicate an ambiguous reason or judgment about the following statement.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to indicate a vague doubt.

An ending of a word that makes the preceding statement function as an adnominal phrase.

An ending of a word that makes the preceding statement function as an adnominal phrase and refers to assumption, prearrangement, intention, possibility, etc.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker asks himself/herself about his/her thoughts or asks for another person's opinion.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to indicate a guess or assumption.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to indicate a small sense of remorse for or regret about something.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker promises or notifies the listener that he/she will do something.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to indicate a question or assumption about something.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to ask for the listener's opinion.