Grammar and expressions

An expression used to choose one out of two choices.

An expression used to indicate that it does not matter whether one chooses any of many choices.

An expression used to choose one out of two choices.

An expression used to indicate that it does not matter whether one chooses any of many choices.

(formal, highly addressee-lowering) An expression used to ask the listener what another person said.

(informal addressee-raising) An expression used to stress that the speaker agrees to or affirms the question or statement of the listener.

An expression used to ask if the current situation is different from what the listener or another person said before.

An expression used to indicate that another person was saying something, while doing a certain act at the same time.

An expression used to assume that someone will express his/her thought or will, which becomes the condition for the following statement.

An expression used to ask if the current situation is different from what the listener or another person said before.

An expression used to indicate that another person is saying something while doing a certain thing.

(formal, moderately addressee-raising) An expression used to convey what the speaker heard from another person to the listener.

(informal addressee-raising) An expression used when the speaker confirms and asks questions about a fact that he/she already knows.

(informal addressee-lowering) An expression used to ask the listener again, or confirm what the speaker heard earlier.

An expression used to indicate that the speaker knows something from having heard it and accepts it as true, but the following content is a situation or content that is not the same as the speaker's thoughts.

(informal addressee-raising) An expression used when the speaker confirms and asks questions about a fact that he/she already knows.

An expression used to tell a certain fact or thought, which modifies the following statement.

(formal, highly addressee-lowering) An expression used to tell the listener something the speaker knows from having heard it from another person.

An expression used to assume that someone will do a certain act or make a certain statement, which modifies the following statement.

(formal, highly addressee-raising) An expression used to ask about what the listener heard before.

(formal, highly addressee-raising) An expression used to tell the listener something the speaker knows from having heard it.

(formal, highly addressee-raising) An expression used to ask the listener what the listener heard in the past.

(formal, moderately addressee-raising) An expression used to pass along the message or fact the speaker heard earlier.

(informal addressee-lowering) An expression used to indirectly tell something the speaker heard from another person.

(informal addressee-lowering) An expression used to ask about something the listener knows from having heard it.