Grammar and expressions
no part of speech | none |
-ndan
An expression used to express a certain fact or thought, which modifies the following statement.
no part of speech | none |
-ndanda
(formal, highly addressee-lowering) An expression used to tell the listener something the speaker knows from having heard it from another person.
no part of speech | none |
-ndal
An expression used to assume that someone will do a certain act or make a certain statement, which modifies the following statement.
no part of speech | none |
-ndamnikka
(formal, highly addressee-raising) An expression used to ask about what the listener heard before.
no part of speech | none |
-ndamnida
(formal, highly addressee-raising) An expression used to tell the listener something the speaker knows from having heard it.
no part of speech | none |
-ndapdikka
(formal, highly addressee-raising) An expression used to ask the listener what the listener heard in the past.
no part of speech | none |
-ndapdida
(formal, moderately addressee-raising) An expression used to pass along a message or fact that the speaker heard earlier.
no part of speech | none |
-ndae
(informal addressee-lowering) An expression used to indirectly tell something the speaker heard from another person.
-ndae
(informal addressee-lowering) An expression used to ask about something the listener knows from having heard it.
no part of speech | none |
-ndaedo
An expression used to indicate that, although the preceding statement assumes a certain situation or presents a real situation, it does not affect the following statement.
no part of speech | none |
-ndaeseo
An expression used to indicate that the following content is based on what was heard from another person.
no part of speech | none |
-ndaeseoya
An expression used to question or make a negative judgment on what the speaker heard or learned.
no part of speech | none |
-ndaeya
An expression used to indicate that the preceding statement is the requirement for the following statement.
-ndaeya
An expression used to indicate that an assumed situation is not that serious nor difficult.
no part of speech | none |
-ndaeyo
(informal addressee-raising) An expression used to indirectly tell something the speaker heard from another person.
-ndaeyo
(informal addressee-raising) An expression used to ask about something the listener knows from having heard it.
no part of speech | none |
-ndaetneunde
An expression used to express what the speaker heard in the past, implying that the following content is opposite to or related to the content.
no part of speech | none |
-ndaetja
An expression used to indicate that, although the speaker accepts the preceding statement, it is below their expectations or of little value.
no part of speech | none |
-ndedo
An expression used to indicate that the following situation occurs, regardless of the preceding situation.
no part of speech | none |
-ndedo bulguhago
An expression used to indicate that the following content is different from or the opposite of what was expected in the preceding statement.
no part of speech | none |
-ndeya
An expression used to indicate that because of the preceding situation, the speaker has no choice but to accept the following one.
no part of speech | none |
-ndeyo
(informal addressee-raising) An expression used to tell an unexpected fact with wonder.
-ndeyo
(informal addressee-raising) An expression used to demand an answer from the listener.
-ndeyo
(informal addressee-raising) An expression used to tell a situation, expecting a response from the listener.
no part of speech | none |
-njiyo
(informal addressee-raising) An expression used to ask a vague question.