Words

A connective ending used when assuming or recognizing the truth of the preceding statement, although it is not related to or does not influence the following statement.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker confirms and asks questions about a fact that he/she heard.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker confirms and asks questions about what he/she was ordered or demanded to do.

A connective ending used when assuming a certain fact or situation.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker confirms and asks questions about a fact that he/she heard.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker confirms and asks questions about what he/she was ordered or demanded to do.

A connective ending used for a reason or cause.

A connective ending used when the preceding statement is an essential condition for the following statement.

A connective ending used to emphasize that the preceding statement is an essential condition for the following statement.

(formal, moderately addressee-raising) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker says something that he/she already knows in an objective manner and conveys it to the listener.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker confirms and asks questions about a fact that he/she already knows.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when making sarcastic remarks or saying that the speaker does not care.

A connective ending used when two contradictory actions or states repeat in turns.

(formal, highly addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker talks about a fact that he/she already knows in an objective manner and conveys it.

(formal, highly addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when asking oneself or complaining about a certain fact.

(formal, highly addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when asking oneself or complaining about a certain order or request.

(formal, highly addressee-raising) A sentence-final ending used when asking questions about the affirmation or negation of a certain fact, supposing that it is already given.

(formal, highly addressee-raising) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker says something that he/she already knows in an objective manner and informs the listener of it.

A connective ending used when the speaker is displeased about the subject claiming that the preceding statement is the reason for the following action.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when strongly denying the fact of the preceding statement or raising a question about it.

(informal addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used when strongly denying the preceding order or raising a question about it.

(informal addressee-raising) A sentence-final ending used when the speaker talks about something that he/she knows.

A connective ending used to imply an intention of doing all of several tasks.

(formal, highly addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to judge that something is not likely to happen and ask something in response.

(formal, highly addressee-lowering) A sentence-final ending used to ask the listener an opinion about an act the speaker is going to do.

A connective ending used to express the purpose of an action such as going and coming.